Major Threats to Virtual Core Networks

13.08.2025


As telecommunications operators transition from traditional hardware-based infrastructures to virtualized core networks (VCNs), the benefits are clear: scalability, agility, and cost efficiency. However, this transformation also introduces a new set of vulnerabilities. Virtual core networks, which form the backbone of next-generation 5G and future 6G architectures, face threats that can compromise performance, security, and service continuity.

1. Cybersecurity Threats and Attacks

a) Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks

VCNs are highly exposed to volumetric and application-layer DDoS attacks. Because the control plane and user plane are virtualized, overwhelming traffic can crash virtual machines or containers, leading to major service outages.

b) Malware and Ransomware

Malicious actors target VCNs through infected workloads, exploiting vulnerabilities in virtualization platforms. Ransomware attacks on control nodes can paralyze entire telecom infrastructures.

c) Signaling Storms and Exploits

Attackers may exploit signaling protocols (e.g., Diameter, SIP, HTTP/2) to overload the virtualized signaling infrastructure, causing delays and dropped sessions.

2. Virtualization and Cloud Vulnerabilities

a) Hypervisor and Container Escapes

The hypervisor or container orchestration layer is a critical target. A successful escape allows attackers to move laterally across multiple network functions, potentially gaining control of entire slices or services.

b) Misconfigurations

Incorrect network function virtualization (NFV) configurations, insecure APIs, or weak role-based access control can open doors to unauthorized access.

c) Shared Infrastructure Risks

Because multiple virtual network functions (VNFs) share the same infrastructure, vulnerabilities in one can affect others, leading to a domino effect.

3. Supply Chain and Software Risks

a) Third-Party Software Components

VCNs rely on open-source modules and vendor libraries. Compromised or backdoored components can introduce hidden threats.

b) Patch Management Gaps

Delays in applying security patches to virtualized network functions create windows of opportunity for attackers.

c) Insider Threats

Staff or contractors with privileged access can manipulate or disable VNFs, either maliciously or through human error.

4. Operational and Performance Threats

a) Resource Exhaustion

Dynamic scaling can lead to resource contention. A single VNF consuming excessive CPU, memory, or bandwidth may degrade other services hosted on the same infrastructure.

b) Latency and Reliability Issues

Virtualization layers add complexity. Poorly optimized resource allocation can cause jitter, packet loss, or call drops—unacceptable in mission-critical networks.

c) Service Orchestration Failures

Orchestrators that fail due to bugs, misconfigurations, or attacks can disrupt automation, impacting the entire service delivery chain.

5. Compliance and Privacy Threats

a) Data Sovereignty Risks

With VCN workloads often deployed in hybrid or public cloud environments, sensitive subscriber data may cross borders, breaching regulatory requirements.

b) Privacy Breaches

Inadequately secured storage and analytics functions risk exposing customer data, leading to legal liabilities and reputational damage.

Mitigation Strategies

  • Zero-Trust Security: Enforce strict authentication, segmentation, and continuous monitoring.

  • AI-Driven Threat Detection: Use machine learning to detect anomalies, malware, and advanced persistent threats in real time.

  • Robust Orchestration and Automation: Automate patching, scaling, and recovery to reduce human error.

  • End-to-End Encryption: Protect data in transit and at rest across all virtualized components.

  • Compliance Frameworks: Ensure alignment with GDPR, NIST, and telecom-specific standards like 3GPP security requirements.

Conclusion

While virtual core networks are essential for enabling the flexibility and innovation of next-generation telecom, they are also attractive targets for adversaries. The threats range from cyberattacks and virtualization vulnerabilities to compliance risks and operational disruptions. A multi-layered defense strategy that combines cybersecurity, automation, AI-driven analytics, and regulatory compliance is crucial for ensuring resilient and secure VCN deployments.